Napoleon 20 Francs Gold Coin 1800 Victory of Marengo


Napoleon 20 franc gold coin
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20 Francs Gold Coin Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon 20 francs gold coin
Gold Coins of the Italian States - Piedmont, Subalpine Republic - Napoleon 20 Francs Gold Coin of 1800 - Commemorating the Victory of Marengo.
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Obverse: Helmeted, draped and wreathed female bust left. Engraver´s initials (A.L.) below.
Legend: L'ITALIE DELIVERÉE A MARENCO .

Reverse: Value (20 FRANCS) above date ( L'AN 9. = 1800) within wreath.
Legend: LIBERTÉ EGALITÉ * ERIDANIA *

Mint Year: 1800 (An 9).
Mint Place: Turin (Italy)
Mintage: Only 2,820 pcs
Diameter: 22 mm; Weight: 6.48 gram of Gold (.900)

     The Napoleon, or Marengo, is a gold coin with value of 20 francs, coined in 1801 in the Subalpine Republic to celebrate the victory of Napoleon Bonaparte against Austrians on June the 14th 1800. This type of coin was produced between 1803 and 1815, with a weight of 6,45 grams and a gold content of 900 milliseconds. After the fall of Napoleon, the production of coins of the same type continued and all gold coins with value of 20 francs, produced in France in nineteenth century, were called Marengo. After the establishment of the Latin Monetary Union, the name Marengo was extended also to other coins of the union with the same value, including the 20 Italian lire.

The Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont, Italy. The French overcame General Michael von Melas's surprise attack near the end of the day, driving the Austrians out of Italy, and enhancing Napoleon's political position in Paris as First Consul of France in the wake of his coup d’état the previous November.

Austrian Gold Coins 25 Schilling Gold Coin of 1935.

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Austria 25 Schilling Gold Coin
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Österreich 25 Schilling
Austrian 25 Schilling Gold Coins of 1935.
Austrian Twenty-Five schillings were issued in gold from 1926 to 1938.
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Obverse: Half-length bust of St. Leopold on plinth, holding banner with arms of Lower Austria (Niederösterreich) and model of Abbey.
Legend: . ST . LEOPOLD .
Comment: Date (1935) below.

Reverse: Nimbate double-headed eagle facing, with wings spread, shield with Austrian coat-of-arms on breast.
Comment: OESTERREICH . 25 SCHILLING .

Mint Place: Vienna
Mintage: 2,880 pcs.
Diameter: 20 mm; Weight: 5.88 gram of  Gold (.900)

Saint Leopold III (German: Luitpold,1073 – 15 November 1136) was the Margrave of Austria from 1095 to his death in 1136. He was a member of the House of Babenberg. He was canonized on 6 January 1485 and became the patron saint of Austria, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, and Vienna. His feast day is 15 November.

Austro-Hungarian Gold Coins 10 Korona Gold Coin of 1910, Franz Josef I Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary.

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10 Korona Gold Coin
Austro-Hungarian - Kingdom of Hungary, Franz Josef I. 10 Korona Gold Coin of 1910.
Attractive type with Holy Crown of St. Stephen & Angels

Obverse: Crowned Hungarian royal arms, held by winged angels, mintmark (K.B) below.
Legend: MAGYAR KIRALYSAG / 10 KORONA
Translated: "Hungarian Kingdom / 10 Korona"

Reverse: Figure of Franz Josef I standing, wearing crown of St. Stephen, cape, staff and orb with Hungarian double cross.
Legend: FERENCZ JÓZSEF I . K . A . CS . ÉS M . H . S . D . O . AP . KIR . 1908


Mint place: Kremnitz (KB)
Reference: Friedberg 252, KM-485.
Diameter: 19 mm; Weight: 3.37 gram of  Gold (.900)


The Korona (osztrák-magyar korona) was the official currency of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1892 (when it replaced the Forint as part of the adoption of the gold standard) until the dissolution of the empire in 1918.

The Holy Crown of Hungary (Magyar Szent Korona, Latin: Sacra Corona), also known as the Crown of Saint Stephen, is the only crown known today with "holy" attribute.

The Hungarian coronation insignia consists of the Holy Crown, the sceptre, the orb, and the mantle. Since the twelfth century kings have been crowned with the still extant crown. The orb has the coat-of-arms of the Hungarian king Károly Róbert of Anjou (1310-1342); the other insignia can be linked to Saint Stephen.

The Crown was bound to the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, (sometimes the Sacra Corona meant the Land, the Carpathian Basin, but it also meant the coronation body, too). (see more: Doctrine of the Holy Crown) No king of Hungary was regarded as having been truly legitimate without being crowned with it. In the history of Hungary, more than fifty kings were crowned with it (the two kings who were not so crowned were Sigismund Johann II and Joseph II).
Franz Josef I (English: Francis Joseph) Emperor of Austria, king of Hungary, (1830-1916), born in Vienna. The last significant Habsburg monarch.

German East Africa coins Silver Rupie Rupee Coin 1911 Kaiser Wilhelm II

German East Africa Silver Rupee Coin
German East Africa Silver Rupee coin of Wilhelm II
DEUTSCH OSTAFRIKA RUPIE
German East African rupie
German East Africa Silver Rupee Coin of 1911, Kaiser Wilhelm II.
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Obverse: Helmeted and uniformed bust of William II as german emperor left.
Legend: GUILELMUS II IMPERATOR

Reverse: Denomination (1 RUPIE) , year (1911) and mint initial (J) within palm-wreath.
Legend: DEUTSCH OSTAFRIKA

Reference: KM-10.
Mint Place: Hamburg (J); Denomination: Rupee (Rupie)
Weight: 11,61 gram of  Silver (.917); Diameter: 31 mm



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German East African rupie
The Rupie was the currency of German East Africa between 1890 and 1916, continuing to circulate in the Tanganyika Territory until 1920.
The Indian rupee was the dominant currency used along the East African coast during the second half of the 19th century where it had marginalized the American gold dollar and the Maria Theresa thaler. The German East Africa Company acquired rights to mint coinage in 1890 and issued rupies which were equivalent to the Indian and Zanzibar rupee. The Company retained its coinage rights even after the takeover of German East Africa by the government later in 1890. In 1904 the German government took over currency matters and established the Ostafrikanische Bank.
The Rupie was initially equivalent to the Indian rupee. Until 1904, it was subdivided into 64 Pesa (equivalent to the Indian pice or paisa). The currency was decimalized on 28 February 1904, with 1 Rupie = 100 Heller. At the same time, a fixed exchange rate of 15 Rupien = 20 German Mark was established.
In 1915 and 1916, a large series of emergency issues of paper money were issued. 1916 also saw a final issue of coins including gold 15 Rupien coins which contained an equivalent amount of gold to 15 German Mark. Later in 1916, German East Africa was occupied by British and Belgian forces. In Tanganyika, the Rupie circulated alongside the East African rupee (to which it was equal) until 1920, when both were replaced by the East African florin at par. In Burundi and Rwanda, the Belgian Congolese franc replaced the Rupie in 1916.
During the First World War, gold from the Sekenke Gold Mine was used to mint coins to pay German troops fighting against the allied forces in the Belgian Congo.

German East Africa coins
In 1890, copper 1 Pesa and silver 1 Rupie coins were introduced, followed the next year by silver ¼ and ½ Rupie and in 1893 by silver 2 Rupien coins. The silver coins were minted to the same standard as the Indian rupee.

As a consequence of decimalization, bronze ½ and 1 Heller were introduced in 1904, followed by bronze 5 Heller and holed, cupro-nickel 10 Heller in 1908. In 1913, holed, cupro-nickel 5 Heller were introduced. In 1916, crude, brass 5 and 20 Heller coins were issued, together with the gold 15 Rupien mentioned above.

   German East Africa, the country traversed by Colonel (Teddy) Roosevelt, when he was on his famous hunting trip in 1908 African safari tour, Tanzanian safaris, is still known for “Safari” trips. Natives are employed to carry tents, food, and other supplies. Each man, in accordance with government requirements, must receive a blanket, or sweater and a water bottle. He is supposed to carry on his head a load weighting not to exceed sixty pounds, and to average from fourteen to eighteen miles per day while he is on the march. His pay is an average of one dollars per week. In addition to his pay, each man receives two pounds of ground corn or mealies, which he eats only after the days march is over.

German East Africa Coins Quarter Rupee Rupie Silver Coin 1898 Kaiser Wilhelm II

German East Africa Rupee Silver Coin, German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II
 German East Africa Silver Coin, German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II
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 German East Africa Quarter Rupee Silver Coin 
German East Africa Quarter Rupee (1/4 Rupie) Silver Coin of 1898, Kaiser Wilhelm II.
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Obverse: German Emperor Wilhelm II in military uniform, wearing a helmet with the Germanic eagle perched on top .
Legend: GUILELMUS II IMPERATOR

Reverse: Coat of arms of the German East African Company consisting of a lion and palm tree, within foliage. Date (1898) below.
Legend: DEUTSCH-OSTAFRIKANISCHE-GESELLSCHAFT * 1/4 RUPIE *

Reference: KM-3. R!
Mintage: 100,000 pcs.
Denomination: Quarter Rupee (1/4 Rupie)
Diameter: 19 mm; Weight: 2,92 gram of  Silver (.917)



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German East Africa (German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in East Africa, including what are now Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika (the mainland part of present Tanzania). It measured 994,996 km² (384,170 square miles) in size, nearly three times the size of re-united Germany today.

The colony came into existence during the 1880s and ended with the conclusion of World War I, when the territory was taken over by the British and Belgians and later converted to mandates of the League of Nations.

GERMAN EAST AFRICA COINS HISTORY

    The Maria Theresa thaler of 1780 was an unofficial trade dollar. It proved so popular with the natives that
they often would accept no other. The popularity of this coin was so great that supply could not keep up with
demand. Native tradesmen had accepted this coin for so long and with such success that they showed no interest in altering its date or design. Consequently, the Maria Theresa thaler was struck again and again by mints all over Europe to meet this demand. In one of the last colonial applications, the thaler was struck by the Italian government in 1936 as legal tender for Ethiopia, where it was used until 1948.

   Soon after Kaiser Wilhelm II decreed the organization of the German EastAfrica Company, it became apparent that a more diversified coinage than the Maria Theresa thaler would be required to adequately service the needs of a burgeoning commerce. In order to facilitate international trade, a value of three mark was assigned each thaler then in circulation. In order to create a territorial currency, the German East Africa Company, in 1890, set forth an exchange rate whereupon the first colonial coin known as the pesa, was created. The pesa (pice) denomination, long familiar to Arab and Indian traders, was assigned the equivalent value of 64 pesa to one rupie. This minor coin was minted for three years (1890-1892) before being dropped. At this point it was decided that the colony would be better served by abandoning the pesa/rupie valuation in favor of one tied to the German mark. In 1891, the relationship between the German East Africa Company rupie and the German mark was fixed at one rupee = 1.33 mark (4 mark = 3 rupien). The name rupie was adopted for colonial use to distinguish the coinage from the Indian and other rupees then in circulation.
     Prior to the opening of Africa by the Europeans, the natives and Arab traders used salt slabs for currency. In 1780 Maria Theresa, the Empress of Austria (1717- 1780) and Queen of Bohemi (1740 - 1780), died. She was best known for her skill at diplomacy and for giving birth to sixteen children, thus becoming the founder of half the royal houses of Europe. The “Maria Theresa” was a thaler (dollar) of
eighty-three percent silver bearing the bust of the empress on the obverse and the Austrian arms on the reverse. It had been minted in 1780 as that country’s legal tender. The empress’ demise that same year created an instantly obsolete coin.
These coins were then sold to Arab traders who wanted something less cumbersome than the salt slabs then used in their commerce. This marked the beginning of the thalers’ use in Africa as an unofficial “trade dollar”. The Maria Theresa thaler was an instant success with the natives and soon became the standard currency used in countries bordering the Red Sea and along the coast of east Africa. Long after the British, German, Portuguese, French and Italian governments had introduced their own coinage into their colonies, the Maria
Thesesa thaler continued to be minted for export and to circulate as a supplemental currency.

   In 1891 the company was authorized to mint silver coinage in denominations of ¼, ½, 1 rupie and 2 rupien. These coins were minted in Berlin of .917 silver and to a common design. The coins’ obverse carried a likeness of Wilhelm II in military dress, wearing a helmet with the Germanic eagle perched on top. The legend surrounding the bust of Wilhelm II reads “Guilelmus II Imperator”. The reverse of the rupie coins bears the arms of the German East Africa Company consisting of a lion and palm tree with the date beneath. The inscription surrounding the central shield reads “Deutsche Ost-Afrikanische Gesellschaft” with value expressed in rupies below. Coin production of this series commenced in 1891 and lasted until 1904 when the final two rupien coin was struck. Some years saw no mintage figures as the coins were struck only to meet the demands of existing commerce. As might be expected, mintage figures for German East Africa
Company coins are low as compared to the later, government issues, making them relatively expensive today.
It wasn’t long before Germany realized that the East Africa Company lacked the administrative ability to properly manage the colony. The imperial government, anxious to exploit the colony’s potential and to develop railroad communication within the area, declared a protectorate over the region formerly ruled by the Deutsche Oest-Afrikanische Gesellschaft, settled financial accounts with colonists and Askari natives, and immediately took over all colonial administration. In 1897 the imperial government proclaimed the area the colony of German East Africa (Deutsche Ostafrika) which we shall henceforth refer to as “D.O.A”. Shortly after, a separate Colonial Department was set up in Berlin to assist in development. Coin production of the German East Africa Company ceased in 1904. From 1904 onwards, financial management of the colony was taken over by the imperial German government.

Italian States coins Sardinia 5 Lire Silver coin 1828, King Charles Felix of Sardinia

Sardinia 5 Lire Silver coin Italian States coins, Charles Albert
 Italian States Sardinia 5 Lire Silver coin, Charles Felix as King of Sardinia
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Italian States coins Sardinia 5 Lire Silver coin of 1828, King Charles Felix of Sardinia.
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Obverse: Bust of Charles Felix as King of Sardinia (Italian state) right.
Legend: CAR . ALBERTVS D. G. REX SARD. CYP. ET HIER. 1828

Reverse: Crowned Italian shield inside order chain and wreath.
Legend: DVX SAB. GENVAE ET MONTISF. PRINC. PED. &. L. 5 (P) (Anchor)

Mint Place: Genova (P, Anchor)
Reference: Pagani 233, KM-113.3.
Diameter: 37 mm; Weight: 24.85 gram of Silver (.900)

Sardinian lira
The lira (plural lire) was the currency of the Kingdom of Sardinia between August 6, 1816 and March 17, 1861. It was subdivided into 100 centesimi (singular centesimo) and was equal in value to the French franc (4.5 grams of silver), which had replaced the Piedmontese shield by 1801. Being no more than the Piedmontese version of the franc, it could circulate also in France, as the French coins could circulate in Piedmont. It was replaced at par by the Italian lira. As the great part of the 19th century currencies, it was not affected by significant episodes of inflation during all its existence.
In 1816, King Victor Emmanuel I issued silver 5 lire and gold 20 lire coins. Before his abdication in 1821, he also produced a new golden 80 lire coin.
King Charles Felix followed in 1821 and 1822 minting gold 40 and 80 lire, respectively. He also expanded the new currency in Sardinia which, not having been conquered by Napoleon, had retained its Sardinian shields. Silver 50 centesimi, 1 and 2 lire were added in 1823, followed by copper 1, 3 and 5 centesimi in 1826, and silver 25 centesimi in 1829.
Finally, King Charles Albert added new gold 10, 50 and 100 lire in 1832, while King Victor Emmanuel II continued his father's coinage.
On each coin, the ruling monarch was styled in Latin as King of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem by the Grace of God on the front side, and Duke of Savoy, Genoa and Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont et cetera on the back side.


Charles Felix of Sardinia
Charles Felix (Carlo Felice Giuseppe Maria; 6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) was the Duke of Savoy, Piedmont, Aosta and King of Sardinia from 1821 to 1831.

The Kingdom of Sardinia (Regno di Sardegna, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont) consisted of the possessions of the House of Savoy from 1720 or 1723 onwards, following the award of the crown of Sardinia to King Victor Amadeus II of Savoy under the Treaty of The Hague (1720). This compensated him for the loss of the crown of Sicily to Austria and allowed him to retain the title of king, as the title "King of Sardinia" had existed since the 14th century. Besides Sardinia, the Savoyard state at that time included Savoy, Piedmont, and Nice; Liguria, including Genoa, was added by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. During most of the 18th and 19th centuries, the political and economic capital of the kingdom was Turin in Piedmont on the Italian mainland. In 1860, Nice and Savoy were ceded to France in return for French consent and assistance in Italian unification. In 1861, the Kingdom of Sardinia became the founding state of the new Kingdom of Italy, annexing all other Italian states. The Kingdom thus continued in legal continuity with the new Italian state, to which it transferred all its institutions.

Coins of Italy 5 lire Silver coin of 1879, King Umberto I.

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Obverse: Bust of Umberto I right.
Legend: UMBERTO I DE D`ITALIA 1879

Reverse: Crowned arms of the House of Savoy (Italian Royalty), flanked by value. All within wreath.
Legend: L-5 / R (Rome mint letter, in lower right corner)

Mint Place: Rome
Reference: CNI 3, Montenegro 33, Davenport 141, Pagani 590, KM-20.
Diameter: 37 mm; Weight: 24.8 gram of Silver (.900)

Umberto I of Italy
Umberto I or Humbert I (Italian: Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia, English: Humbert Ranier Charles Emmanuel John Mary Ferdinand Eugene of Savoy; 14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900), nicknamed the Good (in Italian il Buono), was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death.
Umberto's reign saw Italy attempt colonial expansion into the Horn of Africa, successfully gaining Eritrea and Somalia despite being defeated by Abyssinia at the Battle of Adowa in 1896. In 1882, he approved the Triple Alliance with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary.
He was deeply loathed in leftist circles, because of his conservatism and support of the Bava-Beccaris massacre in Milan. He was especially hated by anarchists, who attempted an assassination on him during the first year of his reign. Umberto I was killed by the Italo-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci in Monza 29 July 1900.

Italian colonial coins Eritrea 2 Lire Silver Coin 1890 King Umberto I

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Eritrea Italian colonial coin 2 Lire
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2 Lire Silver Coin
Eritrea Italian Colony 2 Lire Silver Coin of 1890, King Umberto I.
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Obverse: Crowned and uniformed bust of Umberto I right.
Legend: UMBERTO I RE D`ITALIA . 1890

Reverse: Illuminated star above value (L.2) and bi-ligual (Ethiopian and Persian inscription = Colonia
Eritrea = Eritrea Colony). Wreath and mint initial (R) below.
Legend: COLONIA ERITREA / R

Mint Place: Rome; Diameter: 27 mm; Weight: 9.95 gram of Silver (.800)
ENGRAVER: Filippo Spanenza, Chief Engraver Rome Mint.


Italian Eritrea was the first colony of the Kingdom of Italy. It was created in 1890 (but the first Italian settlements were done in 1882 around Assab) and lasted officially until 1947.

The Eritrean tallero was the currency of Eritrea between 1890 and 1921. The Italian Kingdom issued new coinage for their colony of Eritrea in 1890 with a silver Tallero d'Italia, patterned after the Maria Theresa thaler (together with 50 centesimi, 1 and 2 lire coins) equal to 5 lire subdivided into 100 centesimi and based on the Latin Monetary Union standards. The issue of a crown sized tallero d'Italia was an attempt to replace the Maria Theresia thaler which circulated extensively from Arabia to Ethiopia. The natives refused to accept the new coinage, even when the Maria Theresia thaler was prohibited.

Congo Free State 5 Centimes Coin of 1908, King Leopold II.

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Congo Free State 5 Centimes Coin
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5 Centimes
Congo Free State 5 Centimes Coin of 1908, King Leopold II.

Obverse: Radiant star of progress, denomination (5 Ces) above, date (1908) below.
Reverse: Five crowned double L's (for Leopold II) around center hole.
Legend: LEOP . II R . D . BELGES SOUV . DE L'ETAT INDEP . DU CONGO *
Legend (translated): "Leopold II King of the Belgians, Sovereign of this Central African state"
Reference: KM-9.
Engraver: Leopold Wiener; Material: Copper-Nickel; Diameter: 19 mm; Weight: 2.49 gram

Congo Free State 20 Centimes Coin of 1906, King Leopold II.

Congo Free State 20 Centimes Coin
Congo Free State 20 Centimes Coin
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20 Centimes
Congo Free State 20 Centimes Coin of 1906, King Leopold II.

Obverse: Radiant star of progress, denomination (20 Ces) above, date (1906) below.

Reverse: Five crowned double L's (for Leopold II) around center hole.
Legend: LEOP . II R . D . BELGES SOUV . DE L'ETAT INDEP . DU CONGO *
Legend (translated): "Leopold II King of the Belgians, Sovereign of this Central African state"

Reference: KM-11; Engraver: Leopold Wiener
Material: Copper-Nickel; Diameter: 25 mm; Weight: 6.06 gram

Belgian Congo Coins 50 Centimes Coin 1921 King Albert I of Belgium

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Obverse: Laureate head of Albert I of Belgium left.
Legend. ALBERT ROI DES BELGES

Reverse: Palm, splittind value (50 Ces) and date (19-21). French legend below.
Legend: CONGO BELGE ("Belgian Congo")
Material: Copper-Nickel; Diameter: 24 mm; Weight: 6.42 gm; Reference: KM-22. 

Belgian Congo coins 50 Francs Silver Coin of 1944, African Elephant.

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Obverse: African elephant walking left.
Legend: 1944
Reverse: Value (50 Fr), flanked by stars. Bi-lingual (French/Dutch) legend around.
Legend: BANQUE DU CONGO BELGE . BANK VAN BELGISCH CONGO .

Reference: KM-27; Weight: 17.45 gram of  Silver (.500); Diameter: 35 mm

This silver 50 Francs coin is a one year type struck in South Africa for the Belgian Congo while Belgium itself was under Nazi occupation. The bold design of a striding African elephant has always made this coin popular among collectors who otherwise neglect African issues. The design also appears on brass one, two and five franc pieces of 1944-49.

Brazilian Empire coins 2000 Reis Silver Coin, Pedro II.

silver coin value 2000 Reis
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 Brazil Empire 2000 Reis silver coin
Empire of Brazil Silver 2000 Reis Coin of 1888, Emperor Dom Pedro II.
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Obverse: Bust of Pedro II as Emperor of Brazil right.
Legend: PETRUS II D.G.C.IMP. - ET PERP.BRAS.DEF. (globe) 1888 +

Reverse: Crowned Brazilian shield within wreath.
Legend: DECRETO DE 1870 (caduceus) 200 REIS (privy mark)

Reference: Russo 759, KM-485.
Weight: 25.48 gram of Silver (.917)
Diameter: 37 mm

Brazil coins 2000 Reis Silver Coin of 1851, Pedro II.

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Obverse: Value (2000) within wreath of laurel, around. Date (1851) below.
Legend: PETRUS II . D . G . CONST . IMP . ET PERP . BRAS . DEF . (Peter II Dei Gratia Constitutional Imperator et Perp.Brasiliarum Defensor = Peter II by
the grace of God , Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil)

Reverse: Coat of Arms of the Empire of Brazil - Crowned Brazilian shield with band of 19 stars around, wreath of laurel and oak branches tied with ribbon, below.
Legend: IN HOC S. VINCES . ("In this sign thou shalt conquer.")

Reference: KM-462.
Weight: 25.11 gram of  Silver (.917)
Diameter: 37 mm

Coins of Argentina 50 Centavos Silver Coin of 1882 Libertad.

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Coins of Argentina 50 Centavos (½ Peso) Silver Coin of 1882.
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Obverse: Liberty - Female head wearing phrygian cap left.
Legend: LIBERTAD * 50 CENTos. * 9 Dos FINO *

Reverse: Arms of Argentina within wreath, flanked by trophy flags and cannons in background.
Legend: REPUBLICA ARGENTINA * 1882 *

Reference: KM-28.
Diameter: 30 mm; Weight: 12,44 gram of Silver (.900)

Yugoslavian Ducat Gold Coin of 1933 King Alexander I

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Obverse: Head of King Alexander I left. Mint name (KOVNICA.A.D.) below bust truncation.
Comment: Official countermark (corn-ear) in right field!
Translated legend: "King Alexander I. Queen Maria"

Reverse: Crown above double headed eagle with arms of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at chest. Date (1933) in legend.
Legend: KRALJEVINA JUGOSLAVIJA 1933 . DUKAT 1 ДУКАТ .
Translated: "Kingdom Yugoslavia, 1933, 1 Ducat"

Mintage: 40,000 pcs., Mint Place: Kovnica A.D. (Belgrade).
Reference: Friedberg 5, KM-12.2. R!
Diameter: 20 mm., Weight: 3.49 gram of Pure Gold (.986)

The ducat or dukat is a gold coin that was used as a trade coin throughout Europe before World War I. The etymological origin of the name is from Medieval Latin "ducatus", and initially meant "duke's coin" or a "duchy's coin".



King Alexander I of Yugoslavia
Alexander I also called Alexander I Karadordevic or Alexander the Unifier (Serbian, Croatian, Serbo-Croatian: Aleksandar I Karadordevic) (Cetinje, Principality of Montenegro, (16 December 1888 [O.S. 4 December] – Marseille, France, 9 October 1934) of the Royal House of Karadordevic (Karageorgevich) was the first king of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–34) and before that king of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921–29).

  King Alexander I of Yugoslavia was the second son of King Peter I and Princess Zorka, who was born in Cetinje Montenegro 16 December 1888. His Godfather was the Russian Tsar Alexander II. Young Prince Alexander spent his childhood in Montenegro and was educated in Geneva Switzerland. He continued his schooling at the Military School in St. Petersburg Russia and then in Belgrade. After the death of King Peter I he ascended the throne of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
  Prince Alexander’s future changed in 1909, when his elder brother Prince George renounced the throne. Alexander as the new Crown Prince of Serbia immediately began reorganizing the Serbian army, and preparing for the ultimate battle against the Ottomans who still occupied part of the Balkans.
In the first Balkan War of 1912, HRH Crown Prince Alexander was commander of Serbia’s First Army, fought victorious battles in Kumanovo and Bitola, and later in 1913, during the second Balkan War he was victorious at the battle in Bregalnica. Crown Prince Alexander was the supreme commander of the Serbian army in World War I at the Cer and Kolubara battles in 1914, when the Serbian troops were victorious against the Austro-Hungarian army. Attacked by Austro-Hungary, Germany and Bulgaria, Serbia’s Army suffered a series of defeats in 1915. To insure its survival and ability to fight another day the Serbian army with the aged King Peter I and Crown Prince Alexander made a strategic withdrawal through Albania to the island of Corfu and there the Serbian Army was refitted and reorganized.
  HRH Crown Prince Alexander became on 11 June 1916 the Regent of Serbia when King Peter I partially transferred his duties owing to ill health. After the army was regrouped and reinforced, it had a glorious victory at the Thessalonica Front, at Kajmakcalan. The Serbian army carried out the final operations of the Thessalonica breakthrough in the autumn of 1918, under the supreme command of the Regent Alexander, with superb commanding officers such as Field Marshals Zivojin Misic, Stepa Stepanovic and Petar Bojovic. Crown Prince Alexander’s military success during World War I was followed by his accomplishments as a statesman. After a decree of the National Assembly and the National Council in Zagreb, The Regent HRH Crown Prince Alexander proclaimed the unification of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes into a single nation 1 December 1918.
  This act completed the dream of his father and grandfather – to unify Southern Slavs in one nation. When King Peter I died on 16 August 1921, the Regent HRH Crown Prince Alexander became the King of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1922, he married HRH Princess Maria of Romania. They had three sons – Crown Prince Peter, Prince Tomislav and Prince Andrej.
The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes faced continuing crisis caused by severe conflicts between different political parties and ethnic groups. Due to an assassination in the National Assembly and the chaotic situation in the country, King Alexander I suspended the Constitution in 1929, changed the name of the state, from the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He also reorganized the state administration by establishing nine “banovinas” (provinces) named after major geographic features such as river valleys.
  When the King estimated that the political turmoil in the country had calmed down, a new Constitution was proclaimed in 1931 (known as the “October Constitution”). The King firmly believed that the state crisis would be permanently resolved only when a Yugoslav nation was established, and King Alexander I tried to achieve that goal by implementing a policy “Yugoslav integralism”, which eventually failed.
In foreign policy the King worked intensively on making defensive alliances against the forces that aimed at the revision of the Versailles Peace Treaty. The King’s first achievement was the “Small Entente” proclaimed in 1921 between the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Romania and the Czech Republic. An alliance with France was established in 1927, and another one in 1934 included Yugoslavia, Romania, Turkey and Greece.
  King Alexander I was assassinated in Marseilles 9 October 1934 along with the French Foreign Minister Monsieur Louis Barthou during a state visit to France. King Alexander had travelled to France with the aim to strengthen the defensive alliance against Nazi Germany. The King’s death deeply moved the whole of Yugoslavia, and hundreds of thousands of people paid their last respects all along the funeral route through the country to the royal crypt in Oplenac. King Alexander I was buried in the Mausoleum of the Church of St. George built by King Peter I. In recognition of his greatest accomplishments the National Parliament and the Senate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia proclaimed him King Alexander I The Unifier.

Gold Coins of Bulgaria 20 Leva Gold Coin of 1894, Ferdinand I.

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Principality of Bulgaria 20 Leva Gold Coin of 1894, Ferdinand I.
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Obverse: Head of Ferdinand I left. Mint and engraver´s initials (K.B./A.S.) below.
Translated (translated): "Ferdinand I. Prince of Bulgaria"

Reverse: Crowned Bulgarian coat of arms splitting denomination (20 Leva). Date (*1894*) below.
Legend (translated): "Principality of Bulgaria"



Engraver: Anton Scharff (A.S.)., Mint Place: Kremnitz (Hungary).,  Mintage: 100,000 pcs.
Reference: KM-20, Friedberg 3.
Diameter: 21 mm., Weight: 6.41 gram of Gold (.900)


The lev was introduced as Bulgaria's currency in 1881 with a value equal to the French franc. The gold standard was suspended between 1899 and 1906 before being suspended again in 1912. Until 1916, Bulgaria's silver and gold coins were issued to the same specifications as those of the Latin Monetary Union. Banknotes were issued until 1928 were backed by gold ("leva zlato" or "zlatni", "лева злато" or "златни") or silver ("leva srebro" or "srebarni", "лева сребро" or "сребърни"). ISO 4217 codes have been assigned to the lev overall (BGO) and the gold lev (BGZ) and silver lev (BGS).

Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria (February 26, 1861 - September 10, 1948), born Prince Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the Knjaz (Prince Regnant) and later Tsar of Bulgaria as well as an author, botanist, entomologist and philatelist.

The Principality of Bulgaria was a de facto independent vassal of the Ottoman Empire established by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878.

Russian Imperial Gold Coins 5 Roubles Gold Coin of 1873, Alexander II of Russia.

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Russian Imperial Gold Coins 5 Roubles Gold Coin of 1873, Alexander II Tsar (Emperor) of Russia.
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Obverse: Denomination ("5 Roubles"), flanked by stars of David. Mint date (1873) and initals (C.П.Б) of St. Petersburg.
Legend: ЧИСТАГО ЗОЛОТА 1 ЗОЛОТНИКЪ 39 ДОЛЕИ *
Legend (Translated): "Pure Gold 1 Zolotnik and 39 parts (dolya) *"

Reverse: Heraldic eagle with shields of provinces (duchies), holding imperial orb and staff . Mint initials (HI) below.

Mint Year: 1873., Denomination: 5 Roubles.
Mint Master: Nikolai Iossa (HI)., Mint Place: St. Petersburg (C.П.Б)
Reference: Friedberg 163, KM-B26. R!
Diameter: 23 mm., Weight: 6.55 gram of Gold (.917) - 0.1929 oz AGW
5-rubles coin, issued under Alexander II of Russia and struck at the St. Petersburg mint during 1873.

Swedish Gold Coins 10 Kronor Gold Coin of 1901, Oscar II.

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Swedish Gold Coins 10 Kronor Gold Coin of 1901, Oscar II.

Obverse: Head of Oscar II as King of Sweden and Norway right. Date below.
Legend: OSCAR II SVERIGES OCH NORGES KONUNG * 1901 *

Reverse: Crowned coat of arms, flanked by privy mark (crowned bust) and engraver´s Initials (E.B).
Legend: BRÖDRAFOLKENS VÄL - 10 KRONOR

Engraver: Emil Brusewitz
Diameter: 18 mm
Weight: 4.48 gram of Gold (.900)

Oscar II (21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907), born Oscar Frederik was King of Norway from 1872 until 1905 and King of Sweden from 1872 until his death. The third son of King Oscar I of Sweden and Josephine of Leuchtenberg, he was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden through his mother.

Byzantine Empire Gold Solidus Coin.

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Byzantine Empire Solidus Gold Coin depicting Theophilos, with his father Michael II and his eldest son Constantine in the reverse,  Theophilos (829-842D).



Obverse: Bust of Theophilus facing, wearing crown and chlamys, holding patriarchal cross and akakia.
Legend: * ΘEOFI-LOS bASILE Θ

Reverse: Facing busts of Michael II and Constantine, son of Theophilos, each wearing crown and chlamys, cross between.
Legend: +MIXAHL S COhSTAhTIn'

Mint Period: 829-842 AD Constantinople mint
References: Friedberg 199, Sear 1653
Diameter: 20 mm
Weight: 4.37 gram of  Pure Gold

Theophilos (Greek: Θεόφιλος; 813 – 20 January 842), Byzantine Emperor from 829 until his death in 842. He was the second emperor of the Phrygian dynasty, and the last emperor supporting iconoclasm. Theophilos personally led the armies in his lifelong war against the Arabs, beginning in 831.

Spain medieval gold Florin coin of 1416, Fernand I King of Aragon.

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Spain medieval gold Florin coin of 1416, Fernand I King of Aragon, mint place - Valencia.

The Florin was a gold coin that was used as a stable currency all over Europe.
The Florin was an Aragonese gold coin first minted in 1346 by order of king Don Pedro IV in imitation of the original gold coin from Florence, Italy. It had a weight of 3.35 g. and showed St. John the Baptist on one side and a fleur de lis on the other. Aragonese florins were minted in Perpignan, Barcelona, Girona, Valencia and Majorca but never in Aragon.

Obverse: Nimbate standing figure of Saint John "the Baptist" facing, holding scepter in left hand.
Legend: S . IOHA (arms of Valencia) NNES . B .
Reverse: Fleur de lis.


Mint Period: 1412-1416
References: Friedberg 8, Cru.V.S. 760. R!
Ruler: Fernand I of Aragon Martin of Aragon (1380-1410)
Diameter: 18 mm
Weight: 3.46 gm of Pure Gold

The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval and early modern kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon (Aragón), in Spain. It should not be confused with the larger Crown of Aragon, of which the Kingdom of Aragon was a member along with other territories such as the Kingdom of Valencia or the County of Barcelona, all of them under the rule of the King of Aragon.

Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I; 27 November 1380 – 2 April 1416 in Igualada, Catalonia) called of Antequera and also the Just or the Honest) was king of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and (nominal) Corsica and king of Sicily, duke (nominal) of Athens and Neopatria, and count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdanya (1412–1416). He was also regent of Castile (1406–1416).

Continental Imitations of the Gold Rose Noble coin of Edward IV

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Continental Imitations of the Rose Noble of Edward IV
Rose Noble of Edward IV  - Gold Ryal or a Flemish Noble - imitation of an English Gold Rose Noble of Edward IV of England (1464-1470) coin of 1591 Netherlands,  Gorinchem City Mint of Mint of Culemborg

Obverse: Crowned and armored King (Edward IV) on ship holding sword and shield of arms, banner with initial (E) to his left.
Comment: Large rose adorning the ship´s hull, flanked by lions and lis symbols. Waves below.
Legend: IB ED WARD DI GRA REX ANGLS FRAN DNS

Reverse: Ornate cross with rose and sun at centre, crowned leopards in angles. All within a polylobe.
Legend: IhD AVT TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORV IBAT




Mint year: 1583-1591 - Gorinchem City Mint of Mint of Culemborg

Province: Netherlands
References: SCBC 1952, Delmonte, d'Or 825, Friedberg 80a. RR!
Denomination:
Diameter: 37 mm
Weight: 7.57 gram of Pure Gold

As England's European trade steadily increased during the 14th and 15th centuries large quantities of English coins which were known for their quality, good weight and metal fineness ended up in Europe, despite attempts to control their movemen. Gold Nobles were so popular that they were imitated and produced in the Low Countries (now Belgium and Holland), but the style was quite different.

Continental Imitations of the Rose Noble of Edward IV - the large class of rose nobles bearing the name of Edward IV, but of larger module and coarser execution than usual. Their style and fabric, as well as their average weight (about 1x6 grains), stamps them as of foreign manufacture, and they are called "Flemish" because there is a convenient historical explanation for their issue—Edward's seven months' exile in Flanders between October 1470 and April 1471. They are held to be Flemish because they resemble the pieces copied from Henry VI's noble, whose origin is also assumed to be Flemish. The identification of the rose nobles rests solely upon this resemblance, for there is, so far, no documentary evidence in support of an emergency coinage in Flanders—Deschamps de Pas prints no document in his exhaustive studies of the Flemish issues of Charles the Bold which might indicate that the Burgundian mints of Flanders were put at Edward's disposal. Even the fundamental point about the origin of the "Henry" nobles is by no means certain, for there is a suspicion that some of them may have been coined at or near Cologne in the sixteenth century.
In this country the "Flemish" rose nobles of Edward IV have always been regarded (and rightly) as a side-line of English numismatics, but this attitude neglects an important aspect of our numismatic
history—the commercial value of the rose noble abroad, which led to its imitation. Montagu saw this clearly when he postulated a continental issue of rose nobles, based upon Anglo-Flemish trade relations, and continuing to circulate over a very long period. He argued that as some of the Henry nobles (of similar style) were found at Fischenich near Cologne (a hoard buried not earlier than 1624), both currencies could have circulated together during the sixteenth century. Other hoards support this contention, for out of the large number containing English coins there are about half a dozen in which Henry nobles and Edward rose nobles occur either together or separately. In that of Amersfoort, buried about 1560, both currencies were represented, together with Burgundian nobles of Philip the Fair, while at Joncret in Hainaut, in a hoard deposited about 1575-6,7 there were six rose nobles and no Henry nobles.
Several other hoards show a mixture of Edward rose nobles (often accompanied by English angels) and the Dutch provincial rose nobles, struck a few years later (1575-89). At Talmont, in western France, a single Henry noble was associated with three rose nobles, while in an unnamed Dutch find dating from c. 1580-90, only rose nobles were present, again mixed with Dutch issues. From the evidence of these hoards it can be assumed that the English rose noble enjoyed a widespread popularity in France and the Netherlands. It might also be argued that the popularity of the "Henry" noble had to some extent declined, but it is unsafe to generalize in this instance because the investigators of continental hoards have invariably failed to distinguish copies from their originals, and so it is impossible to estimate their comparative frequency. The distribution of the hoards does tell us one thing: the Henry and rose noble currencies are very likely to be Flemish or Dutch in origin, for the majority of the hoards in which they occur are from the Low Countries. The only comparable finds in England that I know of are those at Bisham Abbey (Berks.), where there was one Henry VI noble and six rose nobles, none of which can be proved to be foreign imitations, and at St. Albans, where there were twenty-two rose nobles, none of them copies, and no Henry nobles. Rose nobles and Henry nobles (whether true or imitation) are more common in Scottish hoards, as one might expect from the close relations between that country and France.
Confirmation of the popularity of the Henry and Edward coinage during the sixteenth century is provided by the numerous placards issued in the Netherlands, France, and Scotland, especially towards the end of the century.
Like the foreign sterlings of an earlier period, imitations of the English gold noble were a result of the continual illegal export of coin from England in the fourteenth century.
In spite of the efforts of Edward III and Richard II to attract bullion to the mint, quantities of gold nobles were exported and sold at a profit abroad to be recoined. The Dukes of Burgundy, whose newly acquired Flemish dominions lay nearest to England, did not scruple to coin nobles on the English standard, but of less intrinsic worth. These pests, arriving from the already flourishing trade-centre of Calais, caused great distress in England, until they were driven out of currency by Henry IV's reduction in the weight of his own gold coins in 1412. The harm had been done, however, and there is evidence that a coinage of imitations (other than the official one of the Burgundian Dukes) was growing up abroad. This must have caused some inconvenience in the Burgundian dominions as well as in England, for in October 1433 Philippe le Bon issued an Ordonnance referring to the imitation of deniers d'or "emprainte et fourme des deniers de nostredit Seigneur, ou assez semblables a iceulx" (sic) by neighbouring countries.1 The term denier d'or is always used to describe the noble.
A few years before (in 1423), a money-changer of Malines, named Clais Warin, had been arrested for receiving "monnaies fausses contrefaites et defendus"2 (sic). It is to this period that we must assign the first of the "Henry" nobles, copied from the Annulet issue of Henry VI. Evidently the English noble had become so popular as a commercial currency3 that merchants (or feudal rulers) had found it expedient to issue private and presumably illegal coins.
It is certain that these copies enjoyed a limited circulation in England, for one of them was present in the Horsted Keynes find buried about 1405. When Edward iV remodelled his coinage in 1465 he found it expedient to strike a new denomination in the style of the old noble which had become so popular abroad. The result was the rose noble of higher value and weight, a coin even more popular than its predecessor,
and eventually one of the main currencies of northern Europe. In these circumstances it is not surprising to find that it too was extensively imitated.
A definition of this type of imitation was given by Serrure in 1847, when he described the coins as contrefagons (counterfeits). He further distinguished between those bearing the name and titles of their issuer, whether official or otherwise (e.g. the rose nobles of Holland, Zeeland, Overyssel, &c., as well as nobles of Ghent) and those indistinguishable from their prototype, but not seriously under weight.6 Both classes are represented amongst the rose nobles to be described. Research by continental numismatists, amongst them Verkade, Serrure, and Schulman, has established that many contrefagons of English gold coins (angels, rose nobles, and a few sovereigns) were issued either semi-officially, as in the case of some Friesland coins, or privately and without sanction by municipal authorities, e.g. at Gorinchem in Holland. The issue of these pieces coincides with the beginning of the Dutch wars of Independence and the formation in 1575 of the United Provinces. In view of the close trade connexions between England and the Netherlands, and the influx of English volunteers into the Dutch provinces, both of which contributed to the desire for a new coinage of English style, this is a subject which directly concerns English numismatics.

British Gold Sovereign Gold Coin of 1890, Queen Victoria.

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British Gold Sovereign Gold Coin of 1890, Queen Victoria.

Obverse: Crowned "Jubilee" head of Queen Victoria left. Engraver´s initials (I.E.B.) inside arm truncation.
Legend: VICTORIA D : G : BRITTR : REG : F : D :

Reverse: Saint George slaying a dragon, horse with long tail, date in exergue.
Exergue: 1890 / B. P.



Mint Place: London - Royal mint.
Reference: Schlumberger 392, Friedberg 20, KM-767.
Diameter: 22 mm., Weight: 7.97 gram of  Gold (.917) .2354 oz AGW

The Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom was celebrated on 20 June 1887. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June 1887 with a banquet to which 50 European kings and princes were invited.

Jubilee Head of Queen Victoria
  For Queen Victoria's golden jubilee year of 1887, a new design was produced for all gold and silver coins, showing Victoria wearing a small coronet. Although the jubilee head coin issues are now very popular, they were much criticised at the time. Jubilee sovereigns were struck from 1887 to 1893 inclusive. For the year 1887, three different designs of sovereign were issued, young head shield, young head St. George, and jubilee head. The reverse design is the famous St. George and the Dragon, by renowned Italian engraver Benedetto Pistrucci.
Minted by the master craftsmen of the Royal Mint, the sovereigns of Queen Victoria's reign are arguably some of their greatest ever coins, demonstrating the tremendous level of skill that has always distinguished British coins from the rest.

British Sovereigns are perhaps the most recognized gold bullion coins in the world.
British Sovereigns called “the most trusted coins in the world,” British Sovereigns were included in the survival kits of American pilots during both World War II and Desert Storm.