Eagle. A base silver coin current in
Irt'land in the latter part of the thirteenth
eentiiry. Foi- a time they were aeeeptcd
in England at the rate of two for a i)enny,
but were prohibited in 1310. W. Ileminburgh,
in his Chronicon, circa, 1350 (repr.
ii. 187), says Monetas . . . pessimi metalli,
pollardoruiii, mirdrdonnn, . . . (Kiuilaruiu.
See P>i'alpaiit.
Elagle. The slandai'd <j:old coin of the
United Sates of the value of ten dollars.
They were authorized to be coined by an
Act of ("on<j:ress dated April 2, 1792, and
were to have a iineness of .916 -/., and a
weight of 270 grains. They were issneil
from 179") to 1<S()4 with the exee|)tion of
1802. In 183.S a new design ai)i)eared, engraved
by William Kneass, and of a fineness
of .900, as provided by an Act of
Congress dated January 18, 1837. This
issue continued until the year 1907 when
it was succeeded by the new design of
Augustus St. Gaudens. There ai'e al.so
doidilc. half, and ((uarter' Hagies.
Eagle Cent- The popidar name for the
cent of snial! size issued in the United
States from LSofi to 1858. It has the figure
of a Hying eagle on the obverse.
Earnest. Money or goods given to bind
an agreement ; sjiecifically in law, the payment
of part of the price by the buyer of
a commodity as a guarantee that he will
uphold the bargain.
"If any part of the i)rice is paid down,
if it be but a penny, or any jiortion of the
goods delivered by way of earnest (which
the civil law calls arrha and interprets to
be ciiiptioni.s venditionis contractae argviiientum),
the property of the goods is absolutely
bound by it."—Blackstone, Cuiiinieiitaries
(ii. 30).
"To constitute earnest the thing must
be given as a token of ratification f)f the
contract, and it should be expressly stated
so by the giver." Chittv, Common Law
Practice (iii. 289).
"Argentum Dei, God's money, i.e.,
money given in earnest upon the making
of any bargain." Blount, Law Dictionani,
l(i70.
Easterling. See Esterlin.
Ebenezer. A variety of the double
Krone or piece of eight Marks struck by
Frederick ill of Denmark i.s so called. It
was i.ssued to commemorate the unsuccessful
attempt of the Swedes to take C'o|)enhagen
on February 11, 1659.
The obver.se has the King's initials
crowned, with the inscrii)tions do.minvs
FKuviDEHiT and khenezkk, the latter word
referring to the memorial .stone mentioned
in / Samuel (iv. 1 and vii. 12).
On the reverse is a hand grasping at a
crown which is being severed from the arm
l^- a swoi-d. Tiic motto i-eads soli dko
Cl.ORI.^.
Ebraer, or Hebraer. The name given to
certain gold and silver coins of Denmark
i.ssued by Christian IV from 1644 to 1648
to commemorate the e.\|>ulsion of the
Swedes. The reverse of these coins bears
tile in.scrii)tion ii'stis ii^okx, and between
these words occurs the name Jehovaii in
Hebrew script.
Ecclesiastical Coins. A name given in
general to such jjieces as were is.sued by
archbishoj)s, bishoi)s, and abbots, to distinguisii
them from tho.se .struck by .sovei-
eigns and rulers.
In England ecclesiastical coins were not
issued after the reign of Henry VIII.
Eckige Pfennige. A common designation
for the median-al (Jerman issues which
were not struck on circular planchets. The
word means "having corners."
Ecu, corresjionding fo the Italian scudo,
meant originally a shield, from the device
on the coin. Similarly the Dutch emjiloy
the term Schild, the Spaniards Escudo, etc.
The silver Ecu, or Ecu Blanc, as it is
frequently called, appeared under Louis
XIIT in 1641, and had a value of sixty Si>ls. Tlioro were also stnu-k a lumibor of
sub-divisions, iifc llotl'imuin (ptiiisitu).
I'lider Louis XV tlie value of the Eeu
varied at three, five, and six Livres, and
under Louis X\'l it was made equal to the
latter tisriiro.
Ecu a la Couronne, also ealled Couronnelle.
A larue Freueh trold eoin tirst issued
by Charles VII (.142:2-14tJl). It obtains
its name from the erowued shield, the
principal design on the obvei-se. It was
struck at Paris, Roueu, and Tournay.
Ecu a la Croisette. A variety of the
Ecu au Soleil issued by Francis I of France
in his second coiiuige (1540-1547). It has
a small equilateral cross on the reverse and
was struck at ilontpellier, Saint Andre,
Lyons, Paris, and Marseilles. The type
was retained by his successor, Henri II.
Ecu a la Croix de Bourgog^e. Ni >
Kruisdaalder.
Ecu a I'Aigle. A silver coin, the one
third of the Arends-Kijksdaalder (q.i'.).
and havinir a value of twenty Groten.
Ecu a la Perruque. A name given to a
variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV
struck in 1G86 and later, on account of the
elaborate head-dress on the bust portrait.
Ecu a la Salamandre. A variety of the
gold Ecu issued by Francis I in his second
coinage (1540-1547). It receives its name
from the obverse design, two salanuinders
supporting the armorial shield of France.
Ecu au Bandeau. The name given to a
vai'icty (if the silver Ecu of Louis XV issucil
ill 1740 and later, on account of the
broad band or ribbon which is a jn'omineiit
feature in the head-dress.
Ecu au Briquet. A variety of the Ecu
a la ("ouronne, having on the reverse alternate
lozenges and tleurs de lis in the angles
of the cross.
Ecu au Lion. See Leeuwendaalder.
Ecu au Pore-epic. A name given to the
Ecu d"or of Louis XII of France, on account
of the porcupines on the reverse, in
the angles of tlie cross.
hi 1522. in consequence of the lack of
English coins, several foreign coins of both
gold and silver were proclaimed current in
England; among these were "crowns
named Porpynes, at four shillings and four
[ '
pence Sterling." Possibly this reference is
to a silver coin with a jMirciipine on it, as
Louis iiitroduceil a (iros au Pore-epic into
his Franco-Italian .series, which was issued
at JMilan.
Ecu au St. Victor, .s^c St. Victor Daalder.
Ecu au Soleil. The name given to the
variety of Ecu struck by Louis XI (1461-
1483) which bears the tigure of a small
snn over the crowned shield of France. It
was also copied by Charles VIII, Louis XII,
and Francis I.
Ecu aux Colliers. A luiiiie given to a
variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV
struck in 1684 and 1685, on account of the
chains or i-ibbons of the Order eucireliug
the shield.
Ecu aux Lauriers. The name given to
a variety of the silver Ecu struck b.v Louis
X\' in 17o7 and later, on account of the
reverse design which represented a crowaied
shield between two branches of laui'els.
There are divisions of one half, one fifth,
one tenth, and one twentieth.
Ecu aux Lunettes. iS'fc Louis aux Lunettes.
Ecu Blanc. SV r Ecu.
Ecu de Six Livres. Srr Laubthaler.
Ecu d'Or. A gold coin of France introduced
by Philip VI (1328-1350). The
earliest types have a figure of the King
seated, holding a shield in his hand, aiul
this was imitated by Edward 111 in the
Anglo-Gallic .series. Under Cliarles VI
(1380-1422) the new type, with the large
shield on the obverse, was struck. This
varietv was cojiied in Gueldrcs bv ilaria of
Brabant (1361-1399).
A Scottish gold coin issued in 1525 and
again in 1543 has received the same name.
Srr also Chaise.
Ecu du Dauphine. A gold coin issued
by Francis 1 of France (1515-1547) for
Dauphiny, and struck at Grenoble, Cremieu,
etc. It differs from the Ecu au Soleil
in having the quartered arms of Franee-
Dauphiny on the obverse.
Ecu du Pzu-lement. A variety of the silver
Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1680 and
later. It has a bust in armor with peruke
and embroidered cravat, and on the reverse
a crow'ued shield.
.5]
Ecu Heaume Engel
Ecu Heaume. Tlie name fjiven to any
variety of the Ki-u on wliifli a helmet ap-
])fafs aliovc the shield. See Heaume.
Ecu Pistolet. A gold coin of Geneva i.ssued
from about 1562 to 1585. It ha.s on
the reverse a ra<liatin<r sun with the motto
I'o.sT Ti:NEiiK.\s Lvx. A larger gold eoin of
the same tyjie hut sti'uck in the following
eentury is known as the Quadruple.
Edelrost, i.e., "noble rust.'' An expression
used by German nuniismatie wi-itei-
s for patina.
Eg^isthaler. A name formerly used in
IluMuaiy fur the Convention Thaler.
Eight Brothers' Thaler. Sec Achtbriiderthalei-.
Eintrachtsthaler. A name given to sueh
coins as were struck .jointly by two or more
rulers osteHsibl_\- from i)uit motives of
friendshij), Imt fi'e(ineii11y a political i)urpose
of unity is also to be served.
The following are the prinei]ial ones: for
Baden, struck by the Margrave.s Bernhard
and Ernst in 15:53; for Sa.Kony, struck by
the Dukes Kasimir of (iotha and .lohann
Ernst of Eisenach in 151)8; for Brunswick,
struck by .Julius I'^rnst and August in 15!t!(
and IHIT; and for Stolberg, struck by
Christian P'riedrieh and Jo.st Christian in
1704.
All of these have the busts facing or the
names of the contracting rulers and fre-
(|uently a device of clasped hands, etc.
Eiraku Sen. Origijudly a Chinese copper
coin introduced into .Japan in the fifteenth
century and made the sole lawfid
currency of .la pan in 157:!. The piece was
coined by the Ming Emperor Cheng Tsu
in 140:3-1425 and has the inscri]ition yi'no
LO TiN'G-i'.\<i. Eiraku Tsulio is the .Jajiaiiese
|)ronunciation.
Elkaba. A name given to a variety of
gla.ss beads used as money by tlie Galla
tribes of Abyssinia. Those most esteemed
are red with an eipiaforial zone of wliite
enamel. Sec A. TlumLson D'Abbadie, in
the Nirmismafic Chronicle (ii. 18:39- '40).
Ek-ani. The one eighth I\Iohur introiluced
b\- the (iorkha.s in the coinage of
Nepal. See Suka.
Ekilik. .SVf Tkilik.
[
Ellectro. An abbreviation of electrotype
and used in ninnismatics to indicate a co|)y
of an original coin or medal by the electrotype
process.
Electron, <<v Electrum. A natural alloy
of gold and silver cm|)hned by the Ionian
(j reeks at an early period for money. The
name seems to be derived from the Greek,
V-sy-'pov, i.e., and)er, the color of the alloy
i-esembling this ])r(i(luct. It wa.s
found in considerable (piantities in the
rivei- Pactolus in Lydia, and is mentioned
by IMiny and Sophocles. The electrum of
Asia Minor contained ap])ro.\imately twenty-
seven per cent of silver, but coins of
Africa and Sicilian coins of Agathoeles in
this metal contain a lai-ger percentage.
The pale gold coins of the Merovingians
and the Postulatsgulden of Liege, issued
about A.U. 1500 and containing about fifty
per cent of silver, arc not natural electrum,
but a mixtui-e purposely effected.
Eleemosyna Aratri. A tribute or tax
mentioned in the l,e(/cs Athclstan apiid
Liniihiinl. and consisting of "a penny
which King Ethelred ordered to be paid for
every plough in England towards the supjiort
of the poor." It is also known by
the name of Carucage.
Ellilik. A gold coin of the modern Turkisli
series ,,[' the \alue of fifty Piastres.
Elm Seed Money. See Vu Chia Chien.
Embase. To depreciate coins in price or
value. Holinshed, in his Chronicles, 1577
(iii. 111)2), states that "the teston coined
for twelue pence and in the reigne of King
Edward endiased by proclamation to six
])ence.
"
" Sec Debased and Imbasing.
Emol. The salt money of Abyssinia.
See A mole.
Encased Stamps. See Postal Currency.
Enest. A word meaning "female" and
used in Abyssinia to designate the Maria
Theresa Thaler. See Wand.
Engel. The name frerpiently applied" to
any eoin with the device of an angel. In
Brabant the Brussclaar {ej.v.) receives this
luune from the figure of the archangel Michael
on the same.
An ordinance of 1404 in tlie archives of
Frankfort a M. orders the striking of Engels,
these coins to be valued at one third
rf the Turnose. Cf. Paul Joseph (p. 223).
Engelsgroschen. In the year 1-490 rich
silver deposits were discovered in the
Schreokeiiberge in Saxony, and two years
hiter mining operations were instituted.
From the product of these mines the Elector
Frederick III (1486-1525), in conjunction
with Dukes Albrecht and Johann, ordered
a new variety of Groschen to be
struck in 1498. These coins had on the
obverse the figure of an angel standing and
holding a shield, and received the name of
Engelsgrosehen or Schreckenberger. Their
actual value was four Groschen and twelve
Kreuzer, and the.y were issued for a long
period by both the Albertinian and the
Ernestinian Lines.
Elngelsk. A Danish coin corresponding
to the Estcrlin. It was current in the latter
part of the fourteenth century. See Blanchet
(ii. 314).
Ejigelthaler. A silver coin of the same
type as the Engelsgroschen but of a larger
size and of the value of forty Groschen. It
was struck for Jnliers, Cleve, and Berg at
the beginning of the seventeenth century.
Engenhoso. A gold coin of Portugal of
the value of five hundred Reis, first issued
by Sebastian in 1562. It differed fi-om the
older Cruzado in having the date and the
words IN HOC siGNO viNCES in the four angles
of the cross. The letters G.A., the
initials of tlie engraver Guimarens, are at
the side of the shield. The name of the
coin means artistic or novel.
Engi Tsuho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
Elngrailed, when applied to coins, means
having an edge or border formed by a ring
of dots or curvilinear indentations.
Engroigne. See Angroigne.
Enneobol (ivvjoJoXov) is a sum of nine
Oiidls di' 1 !>, Drachms. A money of account
mentioned in inscriptions.
Elnrici, or Enriciani. The name given to
Dcniers struck in Lucca, with the name of
Henry II ( l()04-lt)24), but also used in the
early coinage of Milan where there were
several rulers named Ilenrv prior to the
first Hcpublic (1250-1310).'
Enrique. A Spanish gold coin which
takes its name from Henry IV (1454-1474)
in whose reign it was struck at JIadrid,
Toledo, and Villalon. It has on one side
[
the King seated on a throne and on the
reverse the quartered arms of Castile, etc.
There is a half or Medio Enricjue of similar
type. Cunf. Henri d'Or.
Ephraimiten. A nickname given to a
series of coins of debfised silver and gold
issued by Frederick the Great in Saxony
from 1753 to 1756, during the Seven Years'
War.
The King appointed a merchant named
Itzig Ephraim as mint-master and he
caused tliese coins to be struck from dies
of the year 1753 found in Leipzig. They
consisted principally of the August d'Or
iq.v.) and pieces of eight and four GrovSchen
in silver, and they were so debased
that they contained two thirds or more of
base metal alloy. They were gradually
withdrawn from circulation after the peace
of 1763.
Equipaga. A Portuguese copper coin
struck for Angola and other African possessions.
It is the fourth f)f the Mactda
(q.v.). A corresponding half was called
Pa no.
Emestus. A silver coin of the Denier
tvpe issued bv Ernest of Bavaria as Bishop
of Liege (1581-1612). See de Chestret
(533, etc.).
Ernst d'Or. The name given to the gold
Pistole or piece of five Thaler struck by
Ernst August, Duke of Hanover (1837-
1851).
Escalin. A silver coin current in the
various provinces of the Low Countries
since the latter part of the sixteenth century.
It is the same as the Schelling (q.v.),
but the term Escalin was generally apjilied
to such coins as were em])loyed in the trade
outside of the Netherlands proper. Thus
the issues of the Compagnie van Verre of
Amsterdam struck for Java in 1601 were
called Escalins or Reals, and had a value
of 48 Dutes. See Netcher and v.d. Cliijs
(i. 4). Verkade (199. 4).
Mailliet (exxxi.) cites an obsidional Escalin
struck for Zeeland in 1672.
Escalin. A silver coin issued for Santo-
Domingo and Guadeloupe. The type for
the former jirovince was struck by order of
(icneral Leclei'c about 1801. The pieces for
Cuadeloujie issued during the English occupation
of 1810 and 1813 are countermarked
7.S]
Escalin a la Rose Esterlin
witli ii letter ti i-rowiicil, iind tliose luidor
French rule have the initials R. P. for Rc-
|)iil)li(|ue Franeaise. Srr Zay (pp. 227,
2:!(li. 'rill' Fsealin of C'ui'a(,'a() was eompiiteii
:it three Sous.
Escalin a la Rose. See Roosscliellinj.'.
Escalin au Cavalier. See Snaphaaii.
Escalin au Lion. Sec Banksehellinji-.
Escalin au Navire. Sec Scheepjesehellin-.
Elscoufle. The niekname triven to a eoin
of Flanders of the f((nrteenth century, of
the valu(> of twelve Deniers Pai-isis. Du
Caufre, who cites several ordinances showiufr
its value, thinks that it is from the old
French word eseouble, nieanin;? a kite, the
eaf,de on this coin being: mistaken for this
hird.
Escudillo d'Oro. A trold coin of Spain
struck liy Charles III about 1770 and contiinied
by his successor, Charles 1\'. It
was valued at ten Reales.
Escudo, meaning a shield, is the S])anish
e(|uivalent for the French Ecu, and the
Italian Scudo. The term Escudo de Oro
is <renerally applied to the gold Ducat type
issued ill the lieiiiuuing of the sixteenth century,
and the value a|)pears to have Ikmmi
one eighth of the Doubloon.
In the silver series there is an obsidional
Escudo of five Pesetas issued for Tarragona
in 1809, and another for Lerida of
the same date. The silver Escudo was also
extensively sti'uck during the Spanish ocinil)
ation of the Low Counti-ies. Fnder a
law of 18(i4 the Escudo was nuide the Spanish
monetary basis with a value of ten
Reales.
It has now disa|)|)eared as a monetary
unit in Eui-ope, and the only country whei'e
it is still in use is Chile, whei-e the Escudo
is a gold ciiiii of the value of five Pesos.
Escudo. A gold coin of Portugal originally
issued about 1720 with a value of KiOO
Reis, and which receives its name from the
large shielil on the rever.se. It was innnediately
adoi)ted by the colonial possessions
and stnu'k at Rio and Miiuis.
When the new monetary system went
into effect, on May 22, l!)1l", tlie unit fixeil
for the entire territory of the Republic,
except the possessions in India, was the
gold Escudo, which I'ontaiiis the same
amount of gold as the Milreis, ami is divided
into one hundred ecpial parts called
Centavos, so that one Centavo is eijual to
ten Reis of the old system. There are multiples
of two, five, and ten gold Escudos,
and a silver Escudo was struck, bearing the
date October ."), l!ll(), to comnuMiiorate the
|)roclamation of the new Republic.
E Sen, oi' Picture Sen. .lajianese tokens
or chai'ms; they are ("ilher made at goveiMi-
Micnt mints or privately, aiul for the most
part have pictures on them rather than
iTiscriptions. They ai'<' about the size of
the old .lajianese co])])er coins and oftentimes
)iassed as money.
Espadim. A gold coin of Portugal issued
by .loannes II (1481-141)5), and the
half of the Justo (q.v.). It obtains its
name from the device of a hand holding a
sword {rxpadn) . A silver coin of the same
type was issued by Alfon.so V ( 14;i8-1481 ).
Srr Spadiu.
Esphera. The name given to a gold semi-
Cruzado, i.ssued under Manuel I (14!)")-
iri21), and struck at Goa under the government
of Alfonso de Albu(piei'(pie (l.')0!)-
ir)15). The obverse has the word mka
(half) under a lai'ge crown, and the reverse
shows a large sphere from which the
coin derives its luuue. See Telxeira de
Aragao (i. 1).
A copper coin of the same name wa.s
struck under Antonio (ir)8()i for the Portuguese
colonies in India.
Elssays, called in Freiu'h I\Ionnait>s d'-
essai, and in German Probemiinzen, are
trial pieces, the object of which is to test
the die and note the details of the design.
They are fre(piently maile of a different
thickness and in other nu>ta!s than the
coins subsequently to be sti-uck from the
same die. See Piefort.
Esterlin. A small silver coin cui'rent in
the thirteenth centui-y and later. The
name is also found written as Easterling,
Sterling, and in a mint ordiuiince issued
at Antwerp in 1525 there is a reference to
Estrelin.
Their chai'acteristic is a bust or head of
the ruler or mint mastei- on the obverse,
and a cross with ])ellets in the angles on
the reverse.
The Esterlins were originally introduced
into England and were copied in Brabant,
Flanders, various parts of France and in
Germany. Sec Sterling.
Estevenante, or Stephanensis. The name
given to money struck in Besangon, the
original issues bearing a figure of St. Stephen.
The town had a mint as early as
the ninth century. The type was imitated
in otlier places, especially in Burgundy,
and liy the Princes of Orange.
Etampe. iSVe Tampe.
Etschkreuzer. See Kreuzer.
Etschvierer. See Vierer.
Euboean League. See League Coinage.
Eulendukaten. A name given to certain
giihl coins struck by the Emperor Charles
XI from 1712 to 1715 from metal obtained
from the Eule mine near Prague. A figure
of an owl which they bear refers to this
incident.
Ewiger Pfennig. The name given to a
variety of Bracteate issued by Henry II of
Klingenberg, Bishop of Constance (1298-
1306). The word means eternal, and was
applied to the coin because the type was
retained for many years.
Exagium. A piece of circtilar or rectangular
bronze which was employed to dctermLne
the standard weight of the Solidus.
Excelente. A Spanish gold coin first
issued in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.
It is of the size of a Ducat and its
value was eleven Reals and one Maravedi
or 375 Maravedis. There are quadruples,
doubles, and halves of corresponding values.
See A(iuila cle Oro.
Excoctum. Aiirinii crcoctuiii is a Latin
term for ]iure gold. See also Obryzum.
Exergue. The lower segment usually on
the reverse of a coin and separated by a
horizontal bar. ft frequently contains the
date, initials of the designer, and in some
instances the place of minting.
Exurgat Money. A name applied to the
O.\ford Crowns issued in the reign of
Charles 1, derived from the inscription on
these pieces which reads: Exurgat Deus
(lissipeutur inimici, from the Book of
Psalms (Ixviii. 1). See Oxford Unite.
E Yen Ch'ien. See Goose Eye Coins.
Irt'land in the latter part of the thirteenth
eentiiry. Foi- a time they were aeeeptcd
in England at the rate of two for a i)enny,
but were prohibited in 1310. W. Ileminburgh,
in his Chronicon, circa, 1350 (repr.
ii. 187), says Monetas . . . pessimi metalli,
pollardoruiii, mirdrdonnn, . . . (Kiuilaruiu.
See P>i'alpaiit.
Elagle. The slandai'd <j:old coin of the
United Sates of the value of ten dollars.
They were authorized to be coined by an
Act of ("on<j:ress dated April 2, 1792, and
were to have a iineness of .916 -/., and a
weight of 270 grains. They were issneil
from 179") to 1<S()4 with the exee|)tion of
1802. In 183.S a new design ai)i)eared, engraved
by William Kneass, and of a fineness
of .900, as provided by an Act of
Congress dated January 18, 1837. This
issue continued until the year 1907 when
it was succeeded by the new design of
Augustus St. Gaudens. There ai'e al.so
doidilc. half, and ((uarter' Hagies.
Eagle Cent- The popidar name for the
cent of snial! size issued in the United
States from LSofi to 1858. It has the figure
of a Hying eagle on the obverse.
Earnest. Money or goods given to bind
an agreement ; sjiecifically in law, the payment
of part of the price by the buyer of
a commodity as a guarantee that he will
uphold the bargain.
"If any part of the i)rice is paid down,
if it be but a penny, or any jiortion of the
goods delivered by way of earnest (which
the civil law calls arrha and interprets to
be ciiiptioni.s venditionis contractae argviiientum),
the property of the goods is absolutely
bound by it."—Blackstone, Cuiiinieiitaries
(ii. 30).
"To constitute earnest the thing must
be given as a token of ratification f)f the
contract, and it should be expressly stated
so by the giver." Chittv, Common Law
Practice (iii. 289).
"Argentum Dei, God's money, i.e.,
money given in earnest upon the making
of any bargain." Blount, Law Dictionani,
l(i70.
Easterling. See Esterlin.
Ebenezer. A variety of the double
Krone or piece of eight Marks struck by
Frederick ill of Denmark i.s so called. It
was i.ssued to commemorate the unsuccessful
attempt of the Swedes to take C'o|)enhagen
on February 11, 1659.
The obver.se has the King's initials
crowned, with the inscrii)tions do.minvs
FKuviDEHiT and khenezkk, the latter word
referring to the memorial .stone mentioned
in / Samuel (iv. 1 and vii. 12).
On the reverse is a hand grasping at a
crown which is being severed from the arm
l^- a swoi-d. Tiic motto i-eads soli dko
Cl.ORI.^.
Ebraer, or Hebraer. The name given to
certain gold and silver coins of Denmark
i.ssued by Christian IV from 1644 to 1648
to commemorate the e.\|>ulsion of the
Swedes. The reverse of these coins bears
tile in.scrii)tion ii'stis ii^okx, and between
these words occurs the name Jehovaii in
Hebrew script.
Ecclesiastical Coins. A name given in
general to such jjieces as were is.sued by
archbishoj)s, bishoi)s, and abbots, to distinguisii
them from tho.se .struck by .sovei-
eigns and rulers.
In England ecclesiastical coins were not
issued after the reign of Henry VIII.
Eckige Pfennige. A common designation
for the median-al (Jerman issues which
were not struck on circular planchets. The
word means "having corners."
Ecu, corresjionding fo the Italian scudo,
meant originally a shield, from the device
on the coin. Similarly the Dutch emjiloy
the term Schild, the Spaniards Escudo, etc.
The silver Ecu, or Ecu Blanc, as it is
frequently called, appeared under Louis
XIIT in 1641, and had a value of sixty Si>ls. Tlioro were also stnu-k a lumibor of
sub-divisions, iifc llotl'imuin (ptiiisitu).
I'lider Louis XV tlie value of the Eeu
varied at three, five, and six Livres, and
under Louis X\'l it was made equal to the
latter tisriiro.
Ecu a la Couronne, also ealled Couronnelle.
A larue Freueh trold eoin tirst issued
by Charles VII (.142:2-14tJl). It obtains
its name from the erowued shield, the
principal design on the obvei-se. It was
struck at Paris, Roueu, and Tournay.
Ecu a la Croisette. A variety of the
Ecu au Soleil issued by Francis I of France
in his second coiiuige (1540-1547). It has
a small equilateral cross on the reverse and
was struck at ilontpellier, Saint Andre,
Lyons, Paris, and Marseilles. The type
was retained by his successor, Henri II.
Ecu a la Croix de Bourgog^e. Ni >
Kruisdaalder.
Ecu a I'Aigle. A silver coin, the one
third of the Arends-Kijksdaalder (q.i'.).
and havinir a value of twenty Groten.
Ecu a la Perruque. A name given to a
variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV
struck in 1G86 and later, on account of the
elaborate head-dress on the bust portrait.
Ecu a la Salamandre. A variety of the
gold Ecu issued by Francis I in his second
coinage (1540-1547). It receives its name
from the obverse design, two salanuinders
supporting the armorial shield of France.
Ecu au Bandeau. The name given to a
vai'icty (if the silver Ecu of Louis XV issucil
ill 1740 and later, on account of the
broad band or ribbon which is a jn'omineiit
feature in the head-dress.
Ecu au Briquet. A variety of the Ecu
a la ("ouronne, having on the reverse alternate
lozenges and tleurs de lis in the angles
of the cross.
Ecu au Lion. See Leeuwendaalder.
Ecu au Pore-epic. A name given to the
Ecu d"or of Louis XII of France, on account
of the porcupines on the reverse, in
the angles of tlie cross.
hi 1522. in consequence of the lack of
English coins, several foreign coins of both
gold and silver were proclaimed current in
England; among these were "crowns
named Porpynes, at four shillings and four
[ '
pence Sterling." Possibly this reference is
to a silver coin with a jMirciipine on it, as
Louis iiitroduceil a (iros au Pore-epic into
his Franco-Italian .series, which was issued
at JMilan.
Ecu au St. Victor, .s^c St. Victor Daalder.
Ecu au Soleil. The name given to the
variety of Ecu struck by Louis XI (1461-
1483) which bears the tigure of a small
snn over the crowned shield of France. It
was also copied by Charles VIII, Louis XII,
and Francis I.
Ecu aux Colliers. A luiiiie given to a
variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV
struck in 1684 and 1685, on account of the
chains or i-ibbons of the Order eucireliug
the shield.
Ecu aux Lauriers. The name given to
a variety of the silver Ecu struck b.v Louis
X\' in 17o7 and later, on account of the
reverse design which represented a crowaied
shield between two branches of laui'els.
There are divisions of one half, one fifth,
one tenth, and one twentieth.
Ecu aux Lunettes. iS'fc Louis aux Lunettes.
Ecu Blanc. SV r Ecu.
Ecu de Six Livres. Srr Laubthaler.
Ecu d'Or. A gold coin of France introduced
by Philip VI (1328-1350). The
earliest types have a figure of the King
seated, holding a shield in his hand, aiul
this was imitated by Edward 111 in the
Anglo-Gallic .series. Under Cliarles VI
(1380-1422) the new type, with the large
shield on the obverse, was struck. This
varietv was cojiied in Gueldrcs bv ilaria of
Brabant (1361-1399).
A Scottish gold coin issued in 1525 and
again in 1543 has received the same name.
Srr also Chaise.
Ecu du Dauphine. A gold coin issued
by Francis 1 of France (1515-1547) for
Dauphiny, and struck at Grenoble, Cremieu,
etc. It differs from the Ecu au Soleil
in having the quartered arms of Franee-
Dauphiny on the obverse.
Ecu du Pzu-lement. A variety of the silver
Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1680 and
later. It has a bust in armor with peruke
and embroidered cravat, and on the reverse
a crow'ued shield.
.5]
Ecu Heaume Engel
Ecu Heaume. Tlie name fjiven to any
variety of the Ki-u on wliifli a helmet ap-
])fafs aliovc the shield. See Heaume.
Ecu Pistolet. A gold coin of Geneva i.ssued
from about 1562 to 1585. It ha.s on
the reverse a ra<liatin<r sun with the motto
I'o.sT Ti:NEiiK.\s Lvx. A larger gold eoin of
the same tyjie hut sti'uck in the following
eentury is known as the Quadruple.
Edelrost, i.e., "noble rust.'' An expression
used by German nuniismatie wi-itei-
s for patina.
Eg^isthaler. A name formerly used in
IluMuaiy fur the Convention Thaler.
Eight Brothers' Thaler. Sec Achtbriiderthalei-.
Eintrachtsthaler. A name given to sueh
coins as were struck .jointly by two or more
rulers osteHsibl_\- from i)uit motives of
friendshij), Imt fi'e(ineii11y a political i)urpose
of unity is also to be served.
The following are the prinei]ial ones: for
Baden, struck by the Margrave.s Bernhard
and Ernst in 15:53; for Sa.Kony, struck by
the Dukes Kasimir of (iotha and .lohann
Ernst of Eisenach in 151)8; for Brunswick,
struck by .Julius I'^rnst and August in 15!t!(
and IHIT; and for Stolberg, struck by
Christian P'riedrieh and Jo.st Christian in
1704.
All of these have the busts facing or the
names of the contracting rulers and fre-
(|uently a device of clasped hands, etc.
Eiraku Sen. Origijudly a Chinese copper
coin introduced into .Japan in the fifteenth
century and made the sole lawfid
currency of .la pan in 157:!. The piece was
coined by the Ming Emperor Cheng Tsu
in 140:3-1425 and has the inscri]ition yi'no
LO TiN'G-i'.\<i. Eiraku Tsulio is the .Jajiaiiese
|)ronunciation.
Elkaba. A name given to a variety of
gla.ss beads used as money by tlie Galla
tribes of Abyssinia. Those most esteemed
are red with an eipiaforial zone of wliite
enamel. Sec A. TlumLson D'Abbadie, in
the Nirmismafic Chronicle (ii. 18:39- '40).
Ek-ani. The one eighth I\Iohur introiluced
b\- the (iorkha.s in the coinage of
Nepal. See Suka.
Ekilik. .SVf Tkilik.
[
Ellectro. An abbreviation of electrotype
and used in ninnismatics to indicate a co|)y
of an original coin or medal by the electrotype
process.
Electron, <<v Electrum. A natural alloy
of gold and silver cm|)hned by the Ionian
(j reeks at an early period for money. The
name seems to be derived from the Greek,
V-sy-'pov, i.e., and)er, the color of the alloy
i-esembling this ])r(i(luct. It wa.s
found in considerable (piantities in the
rivei- Pactolus in Lydia, and is mentioned
by IMiny and Sophocles. The electrum of
Asia Minor contained ap])ro.\imately twenty-
seven per cent of silver, but coins of
Africa and Sicilian coins of Agathoeles in
this metal contain a lai-ger percentage.
The pale gold coins of the Merovingians
and the Postulatsgulden of Liege, issued
about A.U. 1500 and containing about fifty
per cent of silver, arc not natural electrum,
but a mixtui-e purposely effected.
Eleemosyna Aratri. A tribute or tax
mentioned in the l,e(/cs Athclstan apiid
Liniihiinl. and consisting of "a penny
which King Ethelred ordered to be paid for
every plough in England towards the supjiort
of the poor." It is also known by
the name of Carucage.
Ellilik. A gold coin of the modern Turkisli
series ,,[' the \alue of fifty Piastres.
Elm Seed Money. See Vu Chia Chien.
Embase. To depreciate coins in price or
value. Holinshed, in his Chronicles, 1577
(iii. 111)2), states that "the teston coined
for twelue pence and in the reigne of King
Edward endiased by proclamation to six
])ence.
"
" Sec Debased and Imbasing.
Emol. The salt money of Abyssinia.
See A mole.
Encased Stamps. See Postal Currency.
Enest. A word meaning "female" and
used in Abyssinia to designate the Maria
Theresa Thaler. See Wand.
Engel. The name frerpiently applied" to
any eoin with the device of an angel. In
Brabant the Brussclaar {ej.v.) receives this
luune from the figure of the archangel Michael
on the same.
An ordinance of 1404 in tlie archives of
Frankfort a M. orders the striking of Engels,
these coins to be valued at one third
rf the Turnose. Cf. Paul Joseph (p. 223).
Engelsgroschen. In the year 1-490 rich
silver deposits were discovered in the
Schreokeiiberge in Saxony, and two years
hiter mining operations were instituted.
From the product of these mines the Elector
Frederick III (1486-1525), in conjunction
with Dukes Albrecht and Johann, ordered
a new variety of Groschen to be
struck in 1498. These coins had on the
obverse the figure of an angel standing and
holding a shield, and received the name of
Engelsgrosehen or Schreckenberger. Their
actual value was four Groschen and twelve
Kreuzer, and the.y were issued for a long
period by both the Albertinian and the
Ernestinian Lines.
Elngelsk. A Danish coin corresponding
to the Estcrlin. It was current in the latter
part of the fourteenth century. See Blanchet
(ii. 314).
Ejigelthaler. A silver coin of the same
type as the Engelsgroschen but of a larger
size and of the value of forty Groschen. It
was struck for Jnliers, Cleve, and Berg at
the beginning of the seventeenth century.
Engenhoso. A gold coin of Portugal of
the value of five hundred Reis, first issued
by Sebastian in 1562. It differed fi-om the
older Cruzado in having the date and the
words IN HOC siGNO viNCES in the four angles
of the cross. The letters G.A., the
initials of tlie engraver Guimarens, are at
the side of the shield. The name of the
coin means artistic or novel.
Engi Tsuho. See Jiu Ni Zene.
Elngrailed, when applied to coins, means
having an edge or border formed by a ring
of dots or curvilinear indentations.
Engroigne. See Angroigne.
Enneobol (ivvjoJoXov) is a sum of nine
Oiidls di' 1 !>, Drachms. A money of account
mentioned in inscriptions.
Elnrici, or Enriciani. The name given to
Dcniers struck in Lucca, with the name of
Henry II ( l()04-lt)24), but also used in the
early coinage of Milan where there were
several rulers named Ilenrv prior to the
first Hcpublic (1250-1310).'
Enrique. A Spanish gold coin which
takes its name from Henry IV (1454-1474)
in whose reign it was struck at JIadrid,
Toledo, and Villalon. It has on one side
[
the King seated on a throne and on the
reverse the quartered arms of Castile, etc.
There is a half or Medio Enricjue of similar
type. Cunf. Henri d'Or.
Ephraimiten. A nickname given to a
series of coins of debfised silver and gold
issued by Frederick the Great in Saxony
from 1753 to 1756, during the Seven Years'
War.
The King appointed a merchant named
Itzig Ephraim as mint-master and he
caused tliese coins to be struck from dies
of the year 1753 found in Leipzig. They
consisted principally of the August d'Or
iq.v.) and pieces of eight and four GrovSchen
in silver, and they were so debased
that they contained two thirds or more of
base metal alloy. They were gradually
withdrawn from circulation after the peace
of 1763.
Equipaga. A Portuguese copper coin
struck for Angola and other African possessions.
It is the fourth f)f the Mactda
(q.v.). A corresponding half was called
Pa no.
Emestus. A silver coin of the Denier
tvpe issued bv Ernest of Bavaria as Bishop
of Liege (1581-1612). See de Chestret
(533, etc.).
Ernst d'Or. The name given to the gold
Pistole or piece of five Thaler struck by
Ernst August, Duke of Hanover (1837-
1851).
Escalin. A silver coin current in the
various provinces of the Low Countries
since the latter part of the sixteenth century.
It is the same as the Schelling (q.v.),
but the term Escalin was generally apjilied
to such coins as were em])loyed in the trade
outside of the Netherlands proper. Thus
the issues of the Compagnie van Verre of
Amsterdam struck for Java in 1601 were
called Escalins or Reals, and had a value
of 48 Dutes. See Netcher and v.d. Cliijs
(i. 4). Verkade (199. 4).
Mailliet (exxxi.) cites an obsidional Escalin
struck for Zeeland in 1672.
Escalin. A silver coin issued for Santo-
Domingo and Guadeloupe. The type for
the former jirovince was struck by order of
(icneral Leclei'c about 1801. The pieces for
Cuadeloujie issued during the English occupation
of 1810 and 1813 are countermarked
7.S]
Escalin a la Rose Esterlin
witli ii letter ti i-rowiicil, iind tliose luidor
French rule have the initials R. P. for Rc-
|)iil)li(|ue Franeaise. Srr Zay (pp. 227,
2:!(li. 'rill' Fsealin of C'ui'a(,'a() was eompiiteii
:it three Sous.
Escalin a la Rose. See Roosscliellinj.'.
Escalin au Cavalier. See Snaphaaii.
Escalin au Lion. Sec Banksehellinji-.
Escalin au Navire. Sec Scheepjesehellin-.
Elscoufle. The niekname triven to a eoin
of Flanders of the f((nrteenth century, of
the valu(> of twelve Deniers Pai-isis. Du
Caufre, who cites several ordinances showiufr
its value, thinks that it is from the old
French word eseouble, nieanin;? a kite, the
eaf,de on this coin being: mistaken for this
hird.
Escudillo d'Oro. A trold coin of Spain
struck liy Charles III about 1770 and contiinied
by his successor, Charles 1\'. It
was valued at ten Reales.
Escudo, meaning a shield, is the S])anish
e(|uivalent for the French Ecu, and the
Italian Scudo. The term Escudo de Oro
is <renerally applied to the gold Ducat type
issued ill the lieiiiuuing of the sixteenth century,
and the value a|)pears to have Ikmmi
one eighth of the Doubloon.
In the silver series there is an obsidional
Escudo of five Pesetas issued for Tarragona
in 1809, and another for Lerida of
the same date. The silver Escudo was also
extensively sti'uck during the Spanish ocinil)
ation of the Low Counti-ies. Fnder a
law of 18(i4 the Escudo was nuide the Spanish
monetary basis with a value of ten
Reales.
It has now disa|)|)eared as a monetary
unit in Eui-ope, and the only country whei'e
it is still in use is Chile, whei-e the Escudo
is a gold ciiiii of the value of five Pesos.
Escudo. A gold coin of Portugal originally
issued about 1720 with a value of KiOO
Reis, and which receives its name from the
large shielil on the rever.se. It was innnediately
adoi)ted by the colonial possessions
and stnu'k at Rio and Miiuis.
When the new monetary system went
into effect, on May 22, l!)1l", tlie unit fixeil
for the entire territory of the Republic,
except the possessions in India, was the
gold Escudo, which I'ontaiiis the same
amount of gold as the Milreis, ami is divided
into one hundred ecpial parts called
Centavos, so that one Centavo is eijual to
ten Reis of the old system. There are multiples
of two, five, and ten gold Escudos,
and a silver Escudo was struck, bearing the
date October ."), l!ll(), to comnuMiiorate the
|)roclamation of the new Republic.
E Sen, oi' Picture Sen. .lajianese tokens
or chai'ms; they are ("ilher made at goveiMi-
Micnt mints or privately, aiul for the most
part have pictures on them rather than
iTiscriptions. They ai'<' about the size of
the old .lajianese co])])er coins and oftentimes
)iassed as money.
Espadim. A gold coin of Portugal issued
by .loannes II (1481-141)5), and the
half of the Justo (q.v.). It obtains its
name from the device of a hand holding a
sword {rxpadn) . A silver coin of the same
type was issued by Alfon.so V ( 14;i8-1481 ).
Srr Spadiu.
Esphera. The name given to a gold semi-
Cruzado, i.ssued under Manuel I (14!)")-
iri21), and struck at Goa under the government
of Alfonso de Albu(piei'(pie (l.')0!)-
ir)15). The obverse has the word mka
(half) under a lai'ge crown, and the reverse
shows a large sphere from which the
coin derives its luuue. See Telxeira de
Aragao (i. 1).
A copper coin of the same name wa.s
struck under Antonio (ir)8()i for the Portuguese
colonies in India.
Elssays, called in Freiu'h I\Ionnait>s d'-
essai, and in German Probemiinzen, are
trial pieces, the object of which is to test
the die and note the details of the design.
They are fre(piently maile of a different
thickness and in other nu>ta!s than the
coins subsequently to be sti-uck from the
same die. See Piefort.
Esterlin. A small silver coin cui'rent in
the thirteenth centui-y and later. The
name is also found written as Easterling,
Sterling, and in a mint ordiuiince issued
at Antwerp in 1525 there is a reference to
Estrelin.
Their chai'acteristic is a bust or head of
the ruler or mint mastei- on the obverse,
and a cross with ])ellets in the angles on
the reverse.
The Esterlins were originally introduced
into England and were copied in Brabant,
Flanders, various parts of France and in
Germany. Sec Sterling.
Estevenante, or Stephanensis. The name
given to money struck in Besangon, the
original issues bearing a figure of St. Stephen.
The town had a mint as early as
the ninth century. The type was imitated
in otlier places, especially in Burgundy,
and liy the Princes of Orange.
Etampe. iSVe Tampe.
Etschkreuzer. See Kreuzer.
Etschvierer. See Vierer.
Euboean League. See League Coinage.
Eulendukaten. A name given to certain
giihl coins struck by the Emperor Charles
XI from 1712 to 1715 from metal obtained
from the Eule mine near Prague. A figure
of an owl which they bear refers to this
incident.
Ewiger Pfennig. The name given to a
variety of Bracteate issued by Henry II of
Klingenberg, Bishop of Constance (1298-
1306). The word means eternal, and was
applied to the coin because the type was
retained for many years.
Exagium. A piece of circtilar or rectangular
bronze which was employed to dctermLne
the standard weight of the Solidus.
Excelente. A Spanish gold coin first
issued in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.
It is of the size of a Ducat and its
value was eleven Reals and one Maravedi
or 375 Maravedis. There are quadruples,
doubles, and halves of corresponding values.
See A(iuila cle Oro.
Excoctum. Aiirinii crcoctuiii is a Latin
term for ]iure gold. See also Obryzum.
Exergue. The lower segment usually on
the reverse of a coin and separated by a
horizontal bar. ft frequently contains the
date, initials of the designer, and in some
instances the place of minting.
Exurgat Money. A name applied to the
O.\ford Crowns issued in the reign of
Charles 1, derived from the inscription on
these pieces which reads: Exurgat Deus
(lissipeutur inimici, from the Book of
Psalms (Ixviii. 1). See Oxford Unite.
E Yen Ch'ien. See Goose Eye Coins.